Paul said that they “received in themselves the due penalty for their perversion”. Given the past tense and the “in themselves” wording, it appears they suffered some kind of health consequence for their behavior.
Do you have any insight?
I probably wouldn’t go there for a couple of reasons.
1) In the original Greek, the idea of “Received” is not actually in the past tense. If we compare a couple of translations, particularly the NAS (which tends to stick a little closer to the Greek without “smoothing” it out for English) we’ll see a present tense form, “Receiving.” The idea of the penalty is more of an ongoing state than some former act of judgment. If we look at the larger context, I’d connect the receiving of penalty with verse 18, wrath which is being revealed.
2) There are some who take this text as support for claiming that AIDS is God’s judgment on Homosexuals. I don’t think that’s what your question is asking, but some might take it to that extreme, so let’s just address it right here. There are always those who claim that every natural disaster or disease is linked to God’s judgment somehow. Tornadoes leveling towns where a church leader sins publicly, hurricanes being sent against cities with a sinful reputation, etc. It is a very slippery slope, and one which requires us to show that every evil in this world is somehow connected to God’s wrath and judgment. There are many reasons to think otherwise, beginning with the context of Romans 1. There is just no indication in the context that a physical sickness is in mind here, rather Paul speaks a great deal about judgment and reward for the righteous and the unrighteous. He pictures those who live apart from God to be left to their own devices, to think and act in whatever way they wish, however futile and self-destructive it may be.
If we read the larger context, from 1:18 through about 2:16, we see those who live apart from God receiving a lot of things (including judgment and wrath), but a health consequence is not specifically among them.